DRÄGAR: GRAMMAR ________________ Syntax OSV Postpositions Head-final ________________ Grammatical cases Case Singular Highlighted singular Paucal Plural Collective Nominative -wu / -u -wur / -ur -wuk / -uk -wun / -un -wus / -us Dative -ni / -i -nir / -ir -nik / -ik -nin / -in -nis / -is Ablative -ma / -a -mar / -ar -mak / -ak -man / -an -mas / -as Genitive -le / -e -ler / -er -lek / -ek -len / -en -les / -es Semblative -so / -o -sor / -or -sok / -ok -son / -on -sos / -os ________________ Verbal aspects Aspect Type 1/Ki verbs Type 2/Sa verbs PREFIXED ASPECTS Perfective Ø- / Mon- Ø- / Dau- / Daw- Habitual Lae- Män- Progressive Koi- / Koj- Dan- Stative Ø- Ø- Gnomic Son- Je- Continuative Nae- Gen- Intensive Mei- / Mej- Jai- /Jaj- Attenuative Du- Ne- Negative Ko- Ma- Reflexive Kur- Tau- /Taw- Reciprocal Nor- Lor- SUFFIXED ASPECTS Potential -rok -näs Causative -nim -mir Passive -ris -nam Desiderative -gas -dil Tentative -kath -lät ________________ Verbal moods Mood Type 1/Ki verbs Type 2/Sa verbs Indicative Ø- Ø- Subjunctive I- / Il- I- / Il- Conditional U- / Us- E- / Eth- Beggar imperative -kir -sir Polite imperative -kamu -samu Adviser imperative -kuth -suth Neutral imperative -kel -sel Authoritarian imperative -kao -sao Beggar jussive -kar -sar Polite jussive -käme -säme Adviser jussive -kith -sith Neutral jussive -kol -sol Authoritarian jussive -keo -seo ________________ Number markers Number Vowel ending Consonant ending Singular -Ø -Ø Highlighted singular -r -ir Paucal -k -ak Plural -n -on Collective -s -es ________________ Verb tenses Tense Type 1/Ki verbs Type 2/Sa verbs Far past -lemi -noja Intermediate / Unknown past -romi -daja Near past -mi -ja Present -ki -sa Near future -jo -mu Intermediate / Unknown future -rojo -damu Far future -lejo -nomu ________________ Verb nominalizing endings These endings nominalize/adjectivize verbs, so they don’t classify as either tenses, aspects, or moods Tense Type 1/Ki verbs Type 2/Sa verbs Infinitive -kisa -saki Gerund -kimi -sama Present participle -ara / -ra -ara / -ra Manneristic -ram -las Stylistic -tur -neth ________________ Pronouns: DRÄGAR ENGLISH Bek I (Plain / Standard form) Kädra I (Formal / Honorific form) Mai You M (Plain / Standard form) Kanmu You M (Formal / Honorific form) Son You F (Plain / Standard form) Konos You F (Formal / Honorific form) Lem You N (Plain / Standard form) Kalag You N (Formal / Honorific form) Dami He (Plain / Standard form) Kurja He (Formal / Honorific form) Mina She (Plain / Standard form) Kroba She (Formal / Honorific form) Nerjo It P (Plain / Standard form) Kella It P (Formal / Honorific form) Dur It O (Plain / Standard form) Käthno It O (Formal / Honorific form) Gema We (Plain / Standard form) Käfra We (Formal / Honorific form) Loma You (Plain / Standard form) Kondu You (Formal / Honorific form) Fera They (Plain / Standard form) Kigra They (Formal / Honorific form) ________________ Pronoun conjugations Genitive pronouns To create the genitive form of a pronoun, you add -or or -r at the end (-or for pronouns ended in consonant and -r for pronouns ended in vowel) Accusative/Dative pronouns To create the accusative/dative form of a pronoun, you add -al or -l at the end (-al for pronouns ended in consonant and -l for pronouns ended in vowel) Collective pronouns To create the collective form of a plural pronoun, you add -es (only used when compounded with other pronoun endings), or -s at the end. When compounded with other pronoun endings, this one always comes last, so consider for example “gemares” instead of “gemasor”. Reflexive dative pronouns To create the reflexive form of a dative pronoun, you add -im or -m at the end (-im for pronouns ended in consonant and -m for pronouns ended in vowel) ________________ Common affixes -ir / -hir: Respect suffix. Added show respect or praise something If a word ends in -i, this prefix can mutate to -r -ra: Adjective suffix -rai: Adverb suffix -ki: Visible verb suffix -sa: Invisible verb suffix -drä: Human/Occupation suffix -mor: Place/Location suffix (cuando te pongas a crear palabras usando esto, conserva cuantos sinónimos tengas, y haz que toda palabra con este sufijo que tenga un sinónimo sea la “versión inculta”) Son-: Adjective/Adverb enlarger prefix Se-: Equivalent “also”, only for postpositions -ora / -mora: Adjectivizer suffix -eth / -th: Ordinalizer (1 ⇒ 1st / 2 ⇒ 2nd / etc…) O-: Adjective/Adverb negation prefix A-: Modifier (if a word is given this prefix, it is not referring to its most common meaning)